A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

امروزه هر کشوری تلاش می کند اقداماتی را در راستای حداکثرسازی توان و اقتدار ملی برای استقرار امنیت و حداکثرسازی توان دفاعی خود انجام دهد، جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیز از این قاعده مستثنی نیست و تلاش می کند قابلیت های ملی، قدرت ملی و اقتدار دفاعی خود را افزایش دهد تا موجب افزایش بازدارندگی، کاهش آسیب پذیری، تداوم فعالیت های ضروری، ارتقای پایداری ملی و تسهیل مدیریت بحران در مقابل تهدیدها و اقدامات نظامی شود. بدین منظور پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائه مدل بهینه سازی اقتدار دفاعی امنیتی جمهوری اسلامی ایران با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل به رشته تحریر درآمده است. برای استخراج مؤلفه های اولیه از دو روش مطالعه کتابخانه ای گسترده و روش دلفی با استفاده از 14 نفر از خبرگان دانشگاهی و طراحان راهبردی استفاده شد که انتخاب خبرگان به روش نمونه گیری گلوله برفی انجام پذیرفت. ضریب هماهنگی کندال 86/0 به دست آمد که نشان دهنده ی اتفاق نظر بسیارقوی بین نشست خبرگان است. برای ارزیابی مؤلفه ها از نرم افزار لیزرل استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج پژوهش 38 مؤلفه به عنوان عوامل مؤثر بر بهینه سازی اقتدار دفاعی امنیتی جمهوری اسلامی ایران با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل شناسایی شدند.

A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological approach.

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

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امروزه پدافند غیرعامل اهمیت زیادی در زمینه نظامی و مدیریت شهری دارد؛ چراکه با پیاده سازی اقدامات پیشگیرانه طبق دستورالعمل های آن می توان تا حد زیادی از خسارات وارد آمده از حمله دشمن کاست. یکی از اقدامات مهم در این زمینه ساخت پناه گاه در سطح شهر به منظور کاهش تلفات انسانی در زمان بحران است. ساخت پناه گاه دارای ملاحظات و قوائدیست که یکی از این ملاحظات، مکان ساخت پناه گاه هاست که در نقاطی از شهر واقع شوند که بیشترین افراد ممکن قادر باشند در زمان مناسب به آنجا برسند. در این پژوهش، مکان یابی پناه گاه شهری با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل و با استفاده از الگوریتم های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره انجام شده است. ابتدا از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی برای وزن دهی معیارها استفاده شد، سپس نقشه های معیار تولید شده با استفاده از توابع منطق فازی، فازی سازی و در انتها، نقاط به الگوریتم TOPSIS وارد شده تا ارزیابی و اولویت بندی شوند.در این پژوهش، 39 لایه اطلاعاتی شهر زاهدان گردآوری و در 15 معیار دسته بندی شد. معیار «فاصله از مراکز حساس و مهم» و «فاصله از مراکز با عملکرد پشتیبانی» به ترتیب با 23 و 13 درصد بیشترین وزن؛ و «فاصله از حریم راه آهن» و «شیب زمین» به ترتیب با 1 و 1 درصد کمترین وزن را دارند. پس از اجرای زنجیره پردازشی روی معیارها، لایه خروجی تولید شد و نقشه نهایی مکان یابی پناهگاه شهری ایجاد شد. نتایج نشان می دهد که اکثر مناطق شرق و شمال و تا حدودی مرکز شهر برای احداث پناه گاه نامناسب هستند، چراکه چندین عامل منفی مانند بافت فرسوده ی شهر، مراکز خطرناک و صنعتی، گسل، آب های سطحی، آب های زیرزمینی و بخشی از خطوط انتقال فشار قوی برق همگی در شرق و شمال شهر متمرکز شده و باعث تشدید یکدیگر شده اند و باعث شده تنها منطقه غرب و جنوب شهر (و چند منطقه کوچک در شرق و جنوب شرقی شهر) برای احداث پناه گاه مناسب تشخیص داده شوند.

یکی از پیامدهای نامطلوب سیاست های توسعه ای کشور در مناطق مرزی گسیختگی در ساختار فضایی است که بازتاب این سیاست ها به صورت برهم خوردن تعادل و توازن در رشد درون زای سکونتگاه ها در سطوح مختلف، نابسامانی در نظام فضایی-مکانی مجموعه های انسانی و گسستگی در روابط فضایی و نابسامانی در عملکردهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اداری و کالبدی و درنهایت انزوای جغرافیایی و توسعه نیافتگی مشهود است. با یک بررسی اجمالی می توان به جایگاه ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻭ حاشیه ای ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ توسعه فضایی، ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩ. پژوهش حاضر با جامعه آماری سکونتگاه های روستایی شهرستان پیرانشهر در استان آذربایجان غربی از نوع کاربردی عملی است که با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، نگرش حل مسئله سیستمی و ابزارهای گردآوری اطلاعات کتابخانه ای-اسنادی و پیمایشی-میدانی بر مبنای طرح های توسعه روستایی و تأکید بر رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل به عنوان رویکردی امنیت ساز و دفاع محور انجام گرفته است. تحلیل یافته های فضایی-مکانی به وسیله GIS و با استفاده از ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) و منطق فازی صورت پذیرفته است. نتایج به دست آمده حاکی از آن است که از 147 روستای شهرستان، بیش از 60 روستا که بیشتر از 40 درصد جمعیت مناطق روستایی را تشکیل می دهند در معرض آسیب پذیری خیلی زیاد و زیاد هستند. همچنین بیشترین میزان آسیب پذیری در سکونتگاه های روستایی سه دهستان لاهیجان غربی، پیران و منگور غربی مشاهده می شود که دهستان های مرزی به شمار می روند.